Isshoukenmei in Translation

The Japanese word isshoukenmei,  pronounced ee-SHO-ken-mey, means with all ones might, or very hard, and sometimes frantically, depending on the context. Japanese Characters ä ¸â‚¬Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦â€¡ ¸Ã¥â€˜ ½ 㠁„㠁 £Ã£ â€"ょ㠁†ã â€˜Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£â€š Ã£ â€ž Example Ani wa shiken ni ukaru tame ni, isshoukenmei benkyou shiteiru.兄㠁 ¯Ã¨ © ¦Ã© ¨â€œÃ£  «Ã¥ â€"㠁‹ã‚‹ã Å¸Ã£â€š Ã£  «Ã£â‚¬ Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦â€¡ ¸Ã¥â€˜ ½Ã¥â€¹â€°Ã¥ ¼ ·Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š Translation:  My brother studies very hard so that he will pass the examination.

Is Cognitive Behavior Therapy Essay - 1593 Words

Is Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) effective in reducing negative body image for adolescent females? The approach that was used to answer the practice question had been to use three different search engines: Google Scholar, PsycINFO, and ProQuest. The search terms used to find sources included body image, cognitive behavior therapy, adolescent female, effective, and treatment. Other search terms included eating disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and intervention. The criteria used to determine which sources would be reviewed were based on the availably of the full article, the article’s year of publication no older than 2000, its abstract, and whether or not it was a peer reviewed scholarly article. The results of the search of the professional literature had approximately 10,000 sources. However, most of the sources did not meet the criteria. For example, some did not contain the full articles while others did not meet the year of publication or where not peer reviewed. As a result, approximately half of the articles where not reviewed. The major limitation of the approach used was that most sources were not used. The implication for future evidence search would be to access more search engines and finding a way to acquire full articles. Critical Appraisal of the Evidence Mataix-Cols et al. (2015) study on cognitive-behavioral therapy for adolescents with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) was the first article reviewed. The methodology used was aShow MoreRelatedCognitive Behavior Therapy And Therapy1201 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many that have contributed to cognitive behavior therapy or CBT throughout the years but we are going to focus on the founders of modern day CBT, Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck. Ellis is responsible for the Rational emotive behavior therapy, the first of the CBT in the 1960’s. The bases of REBT is suggest that a patient’s emotional distressed stems from their thoughts about a traumatic event, and not the event itself. Ellis developed this approach as a means to get over his personal problemsRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy1617 Words   |  7 Pages Cognitive Behavior Therapy started as Behavior Therapy in 1966 by ten behaviorist who did not agree with the Freudian psychoanalytic model. Behavior Therapy really begins in the early 1900s during the behaviorist movement starting with Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, Thorndike, and Hull along with many other scientists that were primarily dealing with behavior and the observation of behavior. The 1950s two research groups in South Africa were on the way to making behavior therapy a science based therapyRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy1349 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Behavior Therapy Developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck,  Cognitive Therapy (CT), or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), is a form of psychotherapy in which the therapist and the client work together as a team to identify and solve problems. 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CBT perceives problems as stemming from commonplaceRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy And Mental Therapy865 Words   |  4 PagesThe cognitive behavior therapy initially treated depression, but extensive research has demonstrated that cognitive behavior therapy works to treat many other psychiatric disorders (Corey p.307). For exa mple, phobias, eating disorders, anxiety, panic disorders, borderline personality, posttraumatic stress disorder etc. Additionally, there is evidence from neuroimaging research that CT therapy reduces the activity in the amygdalohippocampal subcortical region and increase the activity in the frontalRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)1559 Words   |  7 PagesAssumptions and Definition Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) addresses dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors, and cognitive processes. This is an effective treatment for patients who are dealing with anxiety and depression. 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CBT isRead MorePsychology : Cognitive Behavior Therapy Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pagesthis assignment, I was very curious to more about the cognitive behavior therapy (cognitive behavior therapy). The video that we will be referring has Dr. Donald Meichenbaum as the therapist and Beverly who is the client and has anxiety. Before Dr. Meichenbaum started the session with Beverly, Dr. Diane and Carlson introduced Dr. Meichenbaum on the show and discussed about cognitive behavior therapy. Dr. Diane describes cognitive behavior therapy that has an empirically based approach. This approachRead MorePsychology : Cognitive Behavior Therapy Essay1318 Words   |  6 Pagesmore about the cognitive behavior therapy. The video that we will be referring has Dr. Donald Meichenbaum as the therapist and Beverly who is the client. Before Dr. Meichenbaum started the session with Beverly, Dr. Diane and Carlson introduced Dr. Meichenbaum on the show and discusse d about the cognitive behavior therapy. Dr. Diane describes cognitive behavior therapy that has an empirically based approach. This approach underlies on the idea that there is a relation between our behavior, thoughts, andRead MorePsychology : Cognitive Behavior Therapy1322 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: Cognitive Behavior Therapy 2 Cognitive Behavior Therapy Case manager has been working with Ms. Tabitha, who has one child by the name of Michelle, currently 25 years of age, and two deceased twin daughters, as well. Tabitha was diagnosed with having an anxiety disorder, and is taking medication’s to help with her anxiety. Recently, Tabitha failed her housekeeping inspection, and has six months to improve her housekeeping situation, and if she doesn’t, will be evicted from

Physics Dot Points Prelim Free Essays

string(165) " and outline how this may result in the bending of a wavefront Refraction is the phenomenon where waves appear to bend as the waves pass from one medium to another\." Physics syllabus dot point summary Nathan Kulmar 8. 2. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Physics Dot Points Prelim or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 describe the energy transformations required in one of the following: – mobile telephone – fax/modem – radio and television Energy is stored as chemical energy in the phone’s battery. Chemical energy is transformed into electrical energy to operate the phone. The microphone converts sound energy in to electrical energy. Antanna converts electrical to electromagnetic energy to send a siginal. The receiver speaker converts electric energy in to sound energy. 8. 2. 1. 2 describe waves as a transfer of energy disturbance that may occur in one, two or three dimensions, depending on the nature of the wave and the medium The energy from waves may spread out as a disturbance in Dimension- Energy travels in a straight line from the source 2 Dimensions- Energy spreads out in a plane or surface 3 Dimensions- Energy spreads out in to space surrounding the source in all directions 8. 2. 1. 3 identify that mechanical waves require a medium for propagation while electromagnetic waves do not Mechanical waves: require a medium, solid, liquid or gas to transfer energy. Electromagnetic waves: which don’t require a medium for transfer of energy. 8. 2. 1. define and apply the following terms to the wave model: medium, displacement, amplitude, period, compression, rarefaction, crest, trough, transverse waves, longitudinal waves, frequency, wavelength, velocity Medium: is what isn’t need for the electromagnetic spectrum to travel. Displacement: the distance from the point of equilibrium to the wave Amplitude: the distance to the point of maximum displacement Period: time taken o complete a single wave length Compression: an area where partials are pushed together Rarefaction: point where a partial reaches it’s maximum displacement vertically down Crest: the point where a partial reaches it’s maximum displacement vertically up Trough: the point where a partial reaches it’s maximum displacement vertically down Transverse waves: the direction of travel is at right angles to the oscillation (figure 2) Longitudinal waves: the direction of travel is parallel to the oscillation (figure 1) Frequency: the number of oscillations that pass a point in a second. V. remoteMissilesNight visibility gogglesSoft tissue treatment| Microwaves| Antenna| MobilesSending info. Cooking| Radio waves| Antenna| CommunicationAstronomy| 8. 2. 3. 4 explain that the relationship between the intensity of electromagnetic radiation and distance from a source is an example of the inverse square law I? 1d2 The intensity of the electromagnetic radiation is proportional to 1 divided by the distance squared. As the waves travel further from the point of origin they spread out and become less intense. I=k/d2 I=intensity k=constant d= distance 8. 2. 3. outline how the modulation of amplitude or frequency of visible light, microwaves and/or radio waves can be used to transmit information Information is converted into a wave and then placed on a carrier wave. It uses the properties of superposition to place the wave on to the carrier wave. Digital is made up of a series of one’s and zero’s. Digital encoding is made in to binary and are transmitted via light, microwaves, television waves and waves from the electromagnetic spectrum. There are two types of analogue transition one is AM. AM stands for Amplitude Modulation. This works by a using a high frequency carrier wave which has the modulation signal placed on it. Frequency will remain the same but amplitude will change. The other Form is FM. This stands for Frequency Modulation. A wave is frequency is chosen as the carrier wave and the modulation signal is placed on the carrier wave. Amplitude stays the same. 8. 2. 3. 6 discuss problems produced by the limited range of the electromagnetic spectrum available for communication purposes All EMR (electromagnetic radiation) will suffer attenuation (reduction in intensity) as they pass through the atmosphere or any other material. As the earth is bombarded with UV radiation from the sun the ionosphere becomes charged. This can cause problems such as ghosting which is a double image on your T. V. screen. Also large portions of EMR are unable to be used because they are too dangerous such as Gamma-rays and X-rays. Ultraviolet and visible are too difficult to produce and encounter too much interference. Near infrared and infrared also have difficult because of impurities in optical fibbers will absorbed the light. Microwaves and T. V. waves require line of sight to be practical. . 2. 4. 1 describe and apply the law of reflection and explain the effect of reflection from a plane surface on waves Electromagnetic waves may be reflected from a plane surface and they must obey the Law of Reflection: Angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection Incident ray, reflected ray and normal must all be in the same plane. 8. 2. 4. 2 describe ways in which applications of reflection of light, radio waves and microwaves have assisted in information transfer Light is used in optical fibbers to transmit data. The light is reflected off the inside of the glass tube and can carry multiple messages at the same time in a single fibber. Radio waves are reflected off the ionosphere to that they can travel a longer distance. Microwaves send transitions to satellites where they are reflected back through the atmosphere to earth. 8. 2. 4. 3 describe one application of reflection Plane surfaces Mirrors. They allow people to look at their bodies without distortion. Concave surfaces Satellite dishes. They focus incoming rays to a single point called the focus and energised the signal at this point. Convex surface Rear vision mirrors. They allow a large field of view in a small area but will give the viewer a false scene of distance Radio waves being reflected by the ionosphere Radio waves are reflected off the ionosphere to provide a greater distance to which a listener can be from the source of the broadcast. 8. 2. 4. 4 explain that refraction is related to the velocities of a wave in different media and outline how this may result in the bending of a wavefront Refraction is the phenomenon where waves appear to bend as the waves pass from one medium to another. You read "Physics Dot Points Prelim" in category "Papers" If wavefronts strike a boundary at any other angle other than 90 ° than a change of speed will occur. If a wave goes from one medium to another and the speed is lower than it will bend towards the normal. If it goes into a medium where the speed is faster than it will bend away from the normal. The waves bend because the incident ray first strikes the medium it slows down and the rest of the ray continues at the same speed until it makes contact with the medium. It is the wavelength that changes not the frequency. 8. 2. 4. 5 define refractive index in terms of changes in the velocity of a wave in passing from one medium to another The refractive index is the ratio of the two wave velocities during the efraction. The refractive index is a measure of how much the light bends. 8. 2. 4. 6 define Snell’s Law: V1V2=sin isin r V1 and V2 are the speeds of the waves in wave in the different mediums. Sin i is the angle of incidence and sin r is the angle of reflection. It is the relationship between speed, wavelength and angles of incidence refraction was determined experimentally by Wi llebrorod Snell and is known as Snell’s law. 8. 2. 4. 7 identify the conditions necessary for total internal reflection with reference to the critical angle If the critical angle is reached than the angle or reflection is 90 °. When the critical angle is exceeded than the light can’t escape and total internal refraction occurs. The light must be travelling from a medium with a higher refractive index to one with a lower refractive index. 8. 2. 4. 8 outline how total internal reflection is used in optical fibres Optical fibres are one application of total internal refraction. They are made of high purity glass, the central region is called the core and the outer region called the cladding. The cladding confines the light to the core and thus must have a lower refractive index than the core. Once information is digitally encoded, at the transmitting end, the signal is converted from electrical energy to light energy and then transmitted along the optical fibre. The information is sent as a series of coded pulses of light. The pulse is either on or off. At the receiving end it is decoded. 8. 2. 5. 1 identify types of communication data that are stored or transmitted in digital form CD ROMs (Compact Disk Read-Only Memory) these discs store data in digitised form as tiny bits. They are read using a low power laser beam. They cannot be edited and are read only. They are fairly slow to read and can only store 8000Mbytes DVD (Digital Versatile Discs) these disks can hole 5 billion bytes of data, thus making possible the storage of memory consuming movie length video and sound. GPS (Global Positioning Systems) this worldwide system uses a fleet of 24 satellites that transmit signals constantly. A GPS system, few hundred dollars, can interact with the satellite to pinpoint your latitude, longitude and altitude with in 50m. 8. 3. 1. 1 discuss how the main sources of domestic energy have changed over time. The sources of domestic energy have changed rapidly over time: * 50,000 BC: control of fire: cooking and heating * 10,000 BC: domestication of animals: animal power for transport and ploughing. * 3,000 BC: wind and water power: sailing boats and windmills * 1750 AD: burning of coal begins to replace wood. Steam engines, trains, steam, ships. * 1780-1800: scientific investigations of the properties of electricity. Conflicting theories, scientific curiosity small amounts of energy in batteries. * 1830’s: discover how to generate electricity using a â€Å"dynamo† (generator). Still used in scientific labs. * 1880-1910: a flood of inventions such as the light bulb, telephone, gramophone and radio were create with electricity. * 1950- : all industrialized nations had become totally converted to electricity for domestic power. 8. 3. 1. 2 assess some of the impacts of changes in, and increased access to, sources of energy for a community Some impacts of charges in sources of energy are: * The use of coal has had a particularly large impact on our society. * Coal burns hot fires to make steel and other metals. Steel major factor that lead to the industrial revolution. * Coal lead to the development of the steam engine. * Pollution and global warming was created. 8. 3. 1. 3 discuss some of the ways in which electricity can be provided in remote locations Use small generators that rotate a coil by a petrol or oil motor. Solar cells and wind generators are also used to convert sunlight and wind into electricity. 8. 3. 2. 1 describe the behaviour of electrostatic charges and the properties of the fields associated with them * Two types of charges positive and negative Charges go away from positive, charges go towards negative * An electrostatic charge is a charge due to an excess or deficiency of electrons. * A body with equal number of protons and electrons will be neutral. * Body has an excess of electron is negatively charged. 8. 3. 2. 2 define the unit of electric charge as the coulomb Electric charge is measured in coulombs the coulomb (c) is the SI unit of electric charge. 1 coulomb = 1c = 6. 25 x10^18 charge = 1. 6 x10^19 charge 8. 3. 2. 3 define the electric field as a field of force with a field strength equal to the force per unit charge at that point: E=Fq E = magnitude of electric field (NC-1) Newton per coulomb q = charge (C) coulombs F = force (N) Newton 8. 3. 2. 4 define electric current as the rate at which charge flows (coulombs/ second or amperes) under the influence of an electric field Current is the rate at which charge flows (Csec. or Amperes) under the influence of an electric field. I= QT I = current Q= charge (coulombs) T= time (sec) 8. 3. 2. 5 identify that current can be either direct with the net flow of charge carriers moving in one direction or alternating with the charge carriers moving backwards and forwards periodically DC = direct current Charge moves in one direction Direct positive to negative movement AC = alternating current Charge moves back and forth periodically. Directions changes 50 times per second. 8. 3. 2. 6 describe electric potential difference (voltage) between two points as the change in potential energy per unit charge moving from one point to the other (joules/coulomb or volts) Electric potential difference (Voltage) between two points is the change in potential energy per unit charge moving from one point to another (joules/coulomb or Volts). . 3. 2. 7 discuss how potential difference changes between different points around a DC circuit Potential difference can vary at different points around a circuit for example there will be different voltage drops across various resistors, light globes and rheostats which would be different to the voltage rise across the power pack. 8. 3. 2. 8 identify the difference between conductors and insulators Insulators will not allow electricity to flow through them bec ause they have a very high resistance. Conductors have a very low resistance and therefore will allow current to flow through them. 8. 3. 2. 9 define resistance as the ratio of voltage to current for a particular conductor: V=IR V= Voltage I= Current in amps R= Resistance in ohms 8. 3. 2. 10 describe qualitatively how each of the following affects the movement of electricity through a conductor: Length: Resistance is proportional to length; the longer a conductor the greater the resistance Cross sectional area: larger the cross-section the lower the resistance. Temperature: temperature increases ions vibrate increasing resistance. Material: material of a conductor influences resistance; copper is commonly used for household wiring, gold or silver used when minimal resistance required. 8. 3. 3. 1 identify the difference between series and parallel circuits Series: * There is only one current pathway. * Current is the same throughout the whole circuit * If a series circuit is broken at any point then the electricity cannot flow through it. * Current remains constant and voltage varies (VT=V1+V2+V3). Parallel: * There is more then one current pathway. * All components have the same potential difference across them * In parallel, voltage remains constant and current varies (IT=I1+I2+I3). 8. 3. 3. 2 compare parallel and series circuits in terms of voltage across components and current through them Parallel| Series| VT= V1 = V2 = V3| VT= V1 + V2 + V3| IT=I1 + I2 + I3| IT=I1 = I2 = I3| 8. 3. 3. 3 identify uses of ammeters and voltmeters Ammeters measure the flow of electrons through a point in the circuit. Voltmeters measure the potential difference between two points. 8. 3. 3. 4 explain why ammeters and voltmeters are connected differently in a circuit Ammeter: cannot change the current being measured, must have minimum resistance, current must flow through the ammeter, MUST BE PLACED IN SERIES Voltmeter: measure the penitential difference (voltage) between two points in a circuit, PLACED IN PARALLEL CURCUITS, important that voltmeter has high resistance so that there is not affect on the circuit. 8. 3. 3. explain why there are different circuits for lighting, heating and other appliances in a house In a house there are separate circuits for lighting, heating and other appliances so that appliances that require large amounts of current can still function without over-loading the circuit. If everything was on one circuit there would be too much current used and the wires would become hot and potentially cause a fire. 8. 3. 4. 1 explain that power is the rate at which energy is transfor med from one form to another Power is defined as the rate at which energy is transformed from one form to another. watt=1 W=1J/s 1kW=1000watts P=ET Power ((Joules = watts (W)) = Energy (J) / time (s) 8. 3. 4. 2 identify the relationship between power, potential difference and current Power is the number of joules per second (watts), for every current (I in Amps), Voltage (v in volts) are dissipated. P=VI Power (Watts) = Voltage (V) x Current (A) 8. 3. 4. 3 identify that the total amount of energy used depends on the length of time the current is flowing and can be calculated using: Energy=VIt Electrical energy (joules) = Voltage (volts) x Current (amps) x Time (sec) P=VI Power (Watts) = Voltage (V) x Current (A) P=ET Power ((Joules = watts (W)) = Energy (J) / time (s) 8. 3. 4. 4 explain why the kilowatt-hour is used to measure electrical energy consumption rather than the joule 1kW. h is the energy used by a 1 kW appliance operating for 1 hour. Measuring in joule is a big inconvenient because 1 joule is a very tiny amount of energy. 8. 3. 5. 1 describe the behaviour of the magnetic poles of bar magnets when they are brought close together Magnets have 2 different poles north and south. They can either be attract or repel each other. Opposite poles attract, same poles repel. 8. 3. 5. 2 define the direction of the magnetic field at a point as the direction of force on a very small north magnetic pole when placed at that point The direction of a magnetic field is the direction of force on a very small magnetic north pole placed in the field. The currents from the north pole more towards to the south pole. 8. 3. 5. 3 describe the magnetic field around pairs of magnetic poles Field lines come out of the North and into the south. Field lines never cross. The magnitude of the field is indicated by the density of the field lines. . 3. 5. 4 describe the production of a magnetic field by an electric current in a straight current-carrying conductor and describe how the right hand grip rule can determine the direction of current and field lines The direction of the magnetic field is described by the right hand rule. Right hand grip rule: Grip wire with right hand, thumb pointing in direction of conventional current, fingers will curl around in the direction of the magnetic field. 8. 3. 5. 5 compare the nature and generation of magnetic fields by solenoids and a bar magnet * A solenoid is a coil of wire. When a current flows in the solenoid it produces a magnetic field around the coil which is similar to that of a bar magnet. * In a solenoid the field continues through the middle as parallel lines. * The direction of the magnetic field inside a solenoid is given by the right hand rule. 8. 3. 6. 1 discuss the dangers of an electric shock from both a 240 volt AC mains supply and various DC voltages, from appliances, on the muscles of the body * The neuromuscular system runs on the movement of electrical changes. An electric current through the body has the effect to disrupt its normal function. A typical response of your body’s muscles to an electric shock would be: * Muscles contract so you won’t be able to let go. * Muscles controlling the diaphragm cause it to clamp (can’t breathe ) * Heart muscle goes into fibrillation (stops effective beating till heart stops altogether) * Death * Human bodies can withstand ten times as much DC current as AC, AC operates on frequency (50-60 Hz) which is the same frequency our heart operates making AC significantly more lethal than DC. 50-100 mA are the lethal limits for electric shock. 8. 3. 6. describe the functions of circuit breakers, fuses, earthing, double insulation and other safety devices in the home Circuit breakers: they use an electromagnet to mechanically break the circuit. Once the current exceeds the maximum value. Fuses: they prevent overloading of circuits. They are made of a metal with a low melting point. They melt when the current through the circuit exceeds the wiring. They are usually contained in high melting point materials to avoid fires. Earthing: they protect from shock. If an appliance has any metal exposes than it will have the outer cover earthed to protect shock. It works on the bases that there is less resistance through the wire rather than through a person. Double insulation: house hold wiring must be covered by an insulator. Usually made of plastic ((polyvinylchloride, (PVC)) many have double insulating in case the inner insulation melts when the metal gets to hot. 8. 4. 1. 1 identify that a typical journey involves speed changes In a typical car journey, a car may travel at different speeds, accelerate and decelerate, changes direction and stops therefore although there is an average speed for the entire journey, the vehicle does not travel at a constant speed. . 4. 1. 2 distinguish between scalar and vector quantities in equations Scalar quantities are those that specify size (magnitude), but not direction. Vector quantities are defined by both size (magnitude) and direction. Vectors| Scalar| Force| Mass| Velocity| Speed| Displacement| Distance| Acceleration| Work| Momentum| Energy| Magnetic Fields| Power| Electric Fields| Time| 8. 4. 1 . 3 compare instantaneous and average speed with instantaneous and average velocity Average Speed = Distance/Total Time Instantaneous Speed is the speed of an object at a particular instant of time. Velocity (v) is the time rate of change of the displacement. It is a vector; it requires both size and direction. It is speed with a direction. Displacement (s) is distance in a given direction. Instantaneous velocity is the velocity at a particular instant, the speed and the direction. Average Velocity is displacement/time. 8. 4. 1. 4 define average velocity as: vav= ? r? t r = s = displacement. Average velocity= change in displacement/ change in time. 8. 4. 2. 1 describe the motion of one body relative to another Motion occurs when an object changes its position relative to other or some co-ordinate system (a frame of reference). If a change in direction occurs thorough vector qualities, must be dealt with as vectors. 8. 4. 2. 2 identify the usefulness of using vector diagrams to assist solving problems Vectors qualities have magnitude and direction. Adding Vectors Draw the first vector. Draw the second vector starting from the end of the first. The resultant vector is the line joining the beginning of the first vector to the end of the second. 6km 8km 10km a 6km 8km 10km a Subtracting Vectors V1 – V2 = Change in VChange V = V (f) – V (i) V1 -V2 V1 – V2 V1 -V2 V1 – V2 Change = Final – Initial Change V 8-(-10) = 18 -10m/s 8m/s -10m/s m/s 8. 4. 2. 3 explain the need for a net external force to act in order to change the velocity of an object Forces can internal or external to a system but only the external forces can affect the motion of the system. Net force = sum of all forces. Change in velocity the object must accelerate. An object will remain in constant motion (rest or 0 velocity) unless an unbalanced force acts on the object. To accelerate there must be an outside force acting (Newton’s 1st law). Newton’s first law states that: A body continues in its state of rest or uniform velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. . 4. 2. 4 describe the actions that must be taken for a vehicle to change direction, speed up and slow down Acceleration is defined as the time rate of change of velocity. Acceleration refers to: Speeding Up: this can be done by using the accelerator Slowing Down: this can be done by using the cars brakes Changing Direction: Using the steering wheel 8. 4. 2. 5 describe the typical effects of external forces on bodies including: Friction between surfaces Air resistance There are a number of external forces working on a car and these include: Friction with the Road Air Resistance The weight of the car Friction is a force that we encounter everyday in everything we do. Friction is a force that always opposes motion. Friction arises when two different materials are in contact with each other. The tires make contact with the road surface and as a result there is friction. This means that the vehicle has traction and does not simply slide. Air Resistance is a form of Friction. As a vehicle moves through the air the two materials, the vehicles body and the air, move past each other. Air resistance limits the speed of the vehicle but it can be minimized by designing a vehicle so that it is aerodynamically shaped. . 4. 2. 6 define average acceleration as: vav= ? r? t therefore vav=v-ut Acceleration is a change in velocity over a certain time period. It can be positive or negative. v= final velocity, u= initial velocity, t= time taken 8. 4. 2. 7 define the terms ‘mass’ and ‘weight’ with reference to the effects of gravity Mass: Is the measure of the amount of mat ter in an object Measure of inertia (resistance to acceleration) Independent or the effects of gravity Measured in grams. Weight Is the force of gravity on an object. On earth weight is the mass x 9. 8 Dependent on the amount of mass Measure of the gravity and force on an object Measured in Newton’s. 8. 4. 2. 8 outline the forces involved in causing a change in the velocity of a vehicle when: Coasting with no pressure on the accelerator Friction with the Road Air Resistance Force Pushing car along Pressing on the accelerator The driver is supplying more fuel to the engine. This allows the engine to apply a greater force on the wheels and hence make the car speed up. Velocity and acceleration acting in the same direction. Pressing on the brakes Increasing the friction between the brake pads and the metal discs making it harder for the wheels to turn. Velocity and Acceleration acting in different directions. Passing over an icy patch on the road There is less friction and the wheels can’t get as much grip so they may slide. The car will move at a constant velocity until acted upon by an external force. Climbing and descending hills Friction Air Resistance The cars weight causes it to slow down when going up the hill and speed up when going down the hill Following a curve in the road Centripetal force is causing the car to accelerate as the velocity is changing owing to the change in direction. 8. 4. 2. interpret Newton’s Second Law of Motion and relate it to the equation: F=ma F= Force in Newtons m= mass a= acceleration 8. 4. 2. 10 identify the net force in a wide variety of situations involving modes of transport and explain the consequences of the application of that net force in terms of Newton’s Second Law of Motion The acceleration of an object is proportional to the unbalanced force acting on it and is i nversely proportional to the mass. The consequences of net external force acting on a model of transport are acceleration, deceleration and a change of direction in motion. Centripetal force (circular motion) The force causing the turning is always towards the centre of the circle. Force (centripetal) = mv^2/ R R=radius, V= instantaneous velocity, M= mass 8. 4. 3. 1 identify that a moving object possesses kinetic energy and that work done on that object can increase that energy Kinetic Energy is the energy an object possesses because it is moving. Kinetic energy is dependent on the mass and the square of the velocity of the body as indicated by: KE=12mv2 E= kinetic energy (joules) M=mass of the object (kg) V=velocity (m/s) Work (W) is done when a force (F) is moved through a distance (s). Work is the product of a force and the distance moved in the direction of that force. W=Fs. Work transfers energy through the motion of a force. When work is done, energy is required. W = Change in Kinetic energy 8. 4. 3. 2 describe the energy transformations that occur in collisions In collisions objects exert forces on each other. Collisions can be either: Elastic Non-Elastic Elastic Collisions If in a collision, kinetic energy is conserved, the collision is said to be elastic. An example would be when Gas molecules collide with each other and with the walls of their container as kinetic energy is not decreased. Inelastic Collisions In inelastic collisions, kinetic energy is not conserved. Some of the Kinetic energy is transformed into other forms of energy such as heat and sound. If the colliding parts stick together, the collision is inelastic 8. 4. 3. 3 define the law of conservation of energy In all types of interactions, both elastic and inelastic, total energy is conserved. Energy cannot be destroyed only can be changed from one form to another. . 4. 4. 1 define momentum as: p=mv Momentum= mass (kg) x velocity (m/s) Unit of momentum= kilogram-meter/sec To stop a moving object, forces must be applied and the forces relate to two factors, the mass of the object and the velocity of the object. The time rate of change of momentum is proportional to the resultant force and acts in the direction of the force. Always conserved Vector quantity 8. 4. 4. 2 defi ne impulse as the product of force and time Impulse = F (force) x t (time) Impulse = change in momentum Impulse = Ft = mv – mu mv = final momentum u = initial momentum The unit of Impulse is N. s which is the same as the Unit of momentum= kilogram-meter/sec (kg. m/sec) 8. 4. 4. 3 explain why momentum is conserved in collisions in terms of Newton’s Third Law of motion Force (action) = Force (reaction) Conservation of Momentum The total momentum of a system is always the same unless the system on by some external force. P (before) = P (after) m1u1+m2u2= m1v1+m2v2 This equation shows that: the vector sum of the momentum of the objects before collision equals the vector sum of the momentum after collision. Momentum is conserved only in isolated systems (those free from external forces). The Law of the Conservation of Momentum can be stated as: In interactions between objects, momentum is conserved in an isolated system. 8. 4. 5. 1 define the inertia of a vehicle as its tendency to remain in uniform motion or at rest Newton’s 1st law: Inertia: â€Å"Tendency of any object to resist any change in motion. † E. g. when a car stops suddenly, the objects and people in the car remain in the current motion unless acted upon by an external force such as a seatbelt. 8. 4. 5. discuss reasons why Newton’s First Law of Motion is not apparent in many real world situations Common experience is not apparent in Real World Situations as the driver of a car still needs to depress the accelerator to move at a constant rate because of friction between the car and the road. 8. 4. 5. 3 assess the reasons for the introduction of low speed zones in built-up areas and the addition of air ba gs and crumple zones to vehicles with respect to the concepts of impulse and momentum Introduced low speed zones into built areas to reduce the speed of drivers as the faster you are moving the more damage you do in a collision. Crumple Zones were introduced so that the front and rear end of the car should crumple in a collision which increases the time it takes for the car to come to rest so the forces are lessened. Air Bags were introduced which provide a cushion and takes the impact out of a collision. 8. 4. 5. 4 evaluate the effectiveness of some safety features of motor vehicles Seat Belts They are effective in limiting the effect of inertia when a vehicle breaks suddenly. It absorbs a lot of the force of a collision. Airbags Air Bags were introduced which provide a cushion and takes the impact out of a collision. Crumple Zones Crumple Zones were introduced so that the front and rear end of the car should crumple in a collision which increases the time it takes for the car to come to rest so the forces are lessened. 8. 5. 1. 1 outline the historical development of models of the Universe from the time of Aristotle to the time of Newton Plato| planets move in spherical orbits around the earth (geocentric) | Eudoxus| maintained Plato’s concepts of spherical motions, complex arrangements of circular motions| Aristotle| developed Eudoxus model to 53 spheres. | Aristarchus| The sun is in the centre (heliocentric) with everything orbiting around it and epicycle moments to explain planetary movements; Earth must rotate on its axis, so it appears that everything moves around us. | Ptolemy| believed in geocentric universe, stars existed on a sphere which rotated every 24 hours, earth is a sphere and at rest, motion of sun and plants moved in perfect circles. | Copernicus| heliocentric universe, sun was the centre and planets orbited the sun in fixed circular motions, earth traveled around the sun in 1 year and spins on its axis every 24 hours. Galileo| first to use a telescope, supported the heliocentric idea of Copernicus, worked on gravitational theory disproved Aristotle concepts of the motion. | Sir Isaac Newton| from work on motion realized that a forcer must be acting on an object such as the moon, law of universal gravitation, this explain where things stayed in orbit, since the time of Newton the heliocentric model was accepted. | 8. 5. 2. 1 outline the discovery of the expansion of the Universe by Hubble, following its earlier prediction by Friedmann Alexander Friedman predicted that the universe was expanding. The predictions rose from calculations based on Einstein’s, general theory of relativity. Edwin Hubble designed a new and a bigger telescope that leads to the discovery of the red shift proving that the universe is expanding. A red shift corresponds to a shift to the lower frequency (longer wavelength). This indicates that the light source, the galaxy is moving away from us. All galaxies show this effect indicating that the universe is expanding. 8. 5. 2. 2 describe the transformation of radiation into matter which followed the ‘Big Bang’ After the temperature had dropped enough. The energy began to be converted in to matter. Hydrogen atoms formed from protons and electrons. 8. 5. 2. 3 identify that Einstein described the equivalence of energy and mass E=mc2 E= energy (Joules) m= mass (kg) c= speed of light (3 x 108 ms-1) 8. 5. 2. 4 outline how the accretion of galaxies and stars occurred through: Expansion and cooling of the Universe The cooling of the universe allowed the formation of matter. This began to overwhelm the radiation Subsequent loss of particle kinetic energy As the temperature fell this resulted in a loss of kinetic energy (as temperature is the measure of average kinetic energy of the particles) Gravitational attraction between particles Loss in Kinetic energy meant that the increased gravitational force between particles took effect Lumpiness of the gas cloud that then allows gravitational collapse The greater density of areas of the gas clouds allowed gravity to begin 8. 5. 3. 1 define the relationship between the temperature of a body and the dominant wavelength of the radiation emitted from that body The hotter the star the shorter the wave length. Hot star: short wave length, more energy. Cold star: long wave length, less energy 8. 5. 3. 2 identify that the surface temperature of a star is related to its colour Red | Long wavelength| Orange| | Yellow | | White blue- white| Short wavelength| The hotter the star gets the more it will shift towards the blue end of the spectrum and thus the shorter the wavelength. 8. 5. 3. 3 describe a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram as the graph of a star’s luminosity against its colour or surface temperature In the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram a stars surface temperature and luminosity (brightness) are plotted against each other. This is because there is a relationship between the two. 8. 5. 3. 4 identify energy sources characteristic of each star group, including Main Sequence, red giants, and white dwarfs Star group| Fuel| Characteristics| Main sequence| H then He| They are from the top left of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram to the bottom right. This shows a trend of hot and bright to cold and dull| Red giants| H then He| In the upper right corner of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram and are bright but cold| White dwarfs| C and O ions| Bottom left of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. They are very hot but dim and small. 8. 5. 4. 1 identify that energy may be released from the nuclei of atoms Light atoms like H will fuse together at extreme temperatures to for stable atoms. This produces energy. Uranium on the other hand has very unstable nuclei and will break down by emitting energy or partials randomly. That may be in the form of ? , ? or gamma rays. 8. 5. 4. 2 describe the nature of emissions from the nucle i of atoms as radiation of alpha ? and beta ? particles and gamma ? rays in terms of: ionising power penetrating power effect of magnetic field effect of electric field Radiation| Ionizing power| Penetrating Power| Effect of Magnetic Field| Effect of Electric Field| Alpha Particle| Very high Strong| Low a few cm in the air| Affected according to right hand palm rule| Limited – very small| Beta Particle| Less than AlphaWeak| Higher than Alpha thin sheets of lead| Large| Large| Gamma Ray| Less than BetaVery Weak| Very High Several cm of lead| Zero| Zero| 8. 5. 4. 3 identify the nature of emissions reaching the Earth from the Sun Solar wind consists of a stream of ionised particles, mostly protons and electrons that flow from the sun in all directions at speeds of about 400 km. -1. The source of the wind is the sun’s hot corona – the outer atmosphere of the sun extending a distance of a few solar radii into space. Most of the corona consists of vast arches of hot gas – solar flares – that are millions of kilometres in length and are caused by the sun’s magnetic field. The Solar wind comes from regions called co ronal holes, regions of cooler, less dense gas. As the sun rotates there is a periodic variation in Solar wind activity every 27 days. The Solar wind is responsible for pushing the tail of comets away from the sun. 8. 5. 4. 4 describe the particulate nature of solar wind Sunspot cycle is a pattern of increasing and decreasing sunspots. Sun spots are a dark spot on the sun with lower temperatures and intense magnetic activity. Cycle is between 7-13 years. Two types of emission reaching Earth from the sun: electromagnetic radiation and solar winds. Earth’s atmosphere and magnetic field shelters as from theses emissions. The sunspots themselves last for several days although larger ones may last up to a few weeks. The number of particles and their velocity increases following sunspot activity and solar flares meaning that the solar wind is greater in the time of maximum sunspots. . 5. 4. 5 describe sunspots as representing regions of strong magnetic activity and lower temperature Sunspots are relatively cool areas (~4500K), with magnetic field strengths some thousands of times stronger than the Earth’s magnetic field, that appear as dark imperfections in the photosphere. They result from the penetration of magnetic field lines through the photosphere and are ~8000km across. Except for the smaller ones, all sunspots have a dark inner region – the umbra – where the magnetic field is strongest surrounded by a less dark region – the penumbra – where the magnetic field is weakest. How to cite Physics Dot Points Prelim, Papers

Parle Products free essay sample

The intent was to spread Joy and cheer to children and adults alike, all over the country with its sweets and candies. * The company knew that it wouldnt be an easy task, but they decided to take the brave step. A small factory as set up in the suburbs of Mumbai, to manufacture sweets and toffees. * A decade later it was upgraded to manufacture biscuits as well. * Since then, the Parle name has grown in all directions, won international fame and has been sweetening peoples lives all over India and abroad. * Apart from the factories in Mumbai and Bangalore Parle also have factories in Bahadurgarh in Haryana and Neemrana in Rajasthan, which are the largest biscuit and confectionery plants in the country. Additionally, Parle Products also has 7 manufacturing units and 51 manufacturing units on contract. An In-depth understanding of Indian Consumer Psyche has helped parle evolving a marketing philosophy that attracts Indian masses. We will write a custom essay sample on Parle Products or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With products designed keeping both health and taste in mind, Parle appeals to both health conscious mothers and loving kids. The great taste of of taste and nutrition is consistent with every pack on the store shelves, even today. The value for money allows people from any classes or play groups to enjoy parle products to the fullest. Parles Business Strategy Keys towards Strategic planning 1. Vision: preferences, the parle group have grown on full strength ever since its inception. For ulfilling its vision they do every batch of biscuits and confectioneries and thoroughly checked by experienced staff using the most modern equipment hence ensuring the same quality across the nation and abroad. 2. Mission: Hindustan ke taakat for more than 65 years of age Parle has remained part of lives of every Indian. From north to south parle-g has nourished, strengthened and delighted millions. For some it may be a meal substitute but for some it can be a nourishing snack too. It is really much more than a biscuit brand as it is patronized by all. Little wonder than why is it the largest selling biscuit brand in the world.

What is plagiarism Example For Students

What is plagiarism? Every academic year, students write hundreds of academic papers cutting across different subjects and topics processing tons of information from various academic materials. Plagiarism, in this regard, can become a real problem, especially if students lack information literacy. That’s why it is imperative that they stick to rules and guidelines of scholastic writing that govern the conduct of research. For example, writing a plagiarism-free paper is something that teachers and supervisors will always emphasize. Their aim is to help learners steer clear of plagiarising. However, not every student lives to such expectations even after being advised against copying and pasting content from other sources. In this regard, information literacy is indeed a crucial aspect to note. We will write a custom essay on What is plagiarism? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Sometimes, plagiarism happens because not many students understand what it means to present original ideas after weeks of research. Thus, a question many students ask is this: What is plagiarising? Well, to help you understand how serious a crime it is, let’s start by looking at its definition. Outline1 Plagiarism Definition1.1 Why does it matter?2 Examples of Plagiarism Plagiarism Definition From your first year in a college/University to the forth or beyond, plagiarism is a term a student will often encounter. It could be during studies or when doing research on an idea about which you want to write. There are several other definitions that shed light onto what plagiarising means. First off, many dictionaries put it as stealing ideas or using existing ones of another person as if they were your own. A good example is copying a few lines from Martin Luther’s speech ‘I have a dream’ without quoting the opening words or even giving due credit to the author. The fact that you fail to credit your write-up to a source amounts to an act of plagiarism. In other quarters, plagiarism equals literary theft, in which case, a student reads a book then copies it verbatim. Why does it matter? You would agree that the work based on the original research would fetch the highest marks. But a question most students also ask is why it would matter to use exact words from a source and give attribution. Also, is it possible to steal ideas from a source and claim they are your own? The truth is that we live in the information age and anything can happen. It is also noteworthy that over the past years, plagiarism has steadily got worse a trend that is projected to continue. We, therefore, only hope that with the help of plagiarism checker systems or software, teachers and students can steer clear of the academic vice. Given that it has become a serious problem that continues to bedevil productivity of learners, plagiarism merits for a discussion-especially how to get rid of it. You don’t want to spend weeks or even months on academic research only to be told your paper lacks citation or quotation marks in some sections. By giving credit to borrowed information, you are admitting that with the help of an indispensable source of knowledge such as a book, words or ideas, the content of your essay is scholastic. More reasons why checking your paper for plagiarism matters include the following: ï‚ ·Information literacy: Definitively, plagiarism is a literary offence and committing it is punishable in many different ways. Your teacher may request that you redo an assignment for failing to employ your own reasoning, to apply knowledge or information. In the end, you are regarded as less informed. ï‚ · An act of plagiarism can earn a student suspension or expulsion from school. It is because the aim of every academic institution, with the help of teachers, is to help learners become dependable people in society. However, such a question would be immaterial if one keeps copying and pasting content from published materials. Take note that plagiarising is also when you keep recycling words in your old essays. .ua57c2d6333fe0047671a38cc07ced807 , .ua57c2d6333fe0047671a38cc07ced807 .postImageUrl , .ua57c2d6333fe0047671a38cc07ced807 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua57c2d6333fe0047671a38cc07ced807 , .ua57c2d6333fe0047671a38cc07ced807:hover , .ua57c2d6333fe0047671a38cc07ced807:visited , .ua57c2d6333fe0047671a38cc07ced807:active { border:0!important; } .ua57c2d6333fe0047671a38cc07ced807 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua57c2d6333fe0047671a38cc07ced807 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua57c2d6333fe0047671a38cc07ced807:active , .ua57c2d6333fe0047671a38cc07ced807:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua57c2d6333fe0047671a38cc07ced807 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua57c2d6333fe0047671a38cc07ced807 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua57c2d6333fe0047671a38cc07ced807 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua57c2d6333fe0047671a38cc07ced807 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua57c2d6333fe0047671a38cc07ced807:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua57c2d6333fe0047671a38cc07ced807 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua57c2d6333fe0047671a38cc07ced807 .ua57c2d6333fe0047671a38cc07ced807-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua57c2d6333fe0047671a38cc07ced807:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ultimate Guide on How to Avoid Plagiarismï‚ ·By stealing words, ideas and information from other materials, you are in the same category as someone who goes out to steal another person’s property such as a phone. Thus, an act of plagiarism does not preserve moral standing, but rather, destroys it! ï‚ ·There is pride in publishing original knowledge on a subject, discipline or topic. It is the wish of everyone who wants to become a scholar after schooling for many years. However, plagiarism can hardly allow you to make such a dream come true. When you fail to attribute a source, give credit to a book or present a paper that lacks citations and references, it amounts to plagiarising. Examples of Plagiarism Now, to further help you understand how plagiarism takes places, here is a look at some examples: ï‚ ·Plagiarism is writing down a saying or part of speech without using quotation marks. ï‚ · Plagiarism is when you do a research, write down literature review but fail to quote an author(s) in your citation. If you are copying word for word, use citations to indicate that the ideas are not your own. ï‚ ·Copying and pasting ideas from existing materials/information or borrowing ideas then failing to identify their original source is plagiarism. You can also refer to it as the opposite of information literacy a case of failing to do original research and overly relying on published knowledge by another author to write a paper or report. ï‚ ·Downloading a picture or video to use in your presentation is plagiarism, in other words – stealing ideas from other authors. ï‚ ·Plagiarism is violating copyrights or intellectual property rights, say of a music record or a published book by using any of such without knowledge of or express permission from the original owner. In summary, plagiarism is a crime, mostly academic, that everyone must strive to avoid. Information derived from whatever material is at the centre of it all. Given that a comprehensive and dependable academic paper must represent varied opinions, including your own, it is imperative that students avoid plagiarising content by always attributing an author, book or material in their essays and other write-ups.

Darkness Visible Essay Example

Darkness Visible Essay Example Darkness Visible Essay Darkness Visible Essay Darkness Visible When I began reading Darkness Visible I was at first confused about what William Styron was trying to convey with his immense vocabulary. It was very confusing how the story shifted from place to place in his life. I could not understand what he was saying. Styron is an extremely intelligent man. You can see this by the way he associates many of his experiences described in the book. His analysis of what depression is, where it comes from, how it started, and various other topics show the reader how intelligent this man really is. Depression is one of the most common psychological problems in the United States. According to our textbook 17% of Americans experience an acute episode of depression, and as in William Styron?s case, 6% experience a more chronic depression. It seems as if rates of depression decrease the more people age. In Styron?s case however, the onset of his depression came at a much later age. His father had a history of depression and depression is known to run in families. I believe Styron?s depression began after the death of his mother when he was thirteen years old. This is evident when reading some of his other depression, styron, alcohol, people, depressed, after, major, very, symptoms, person, paris, medication, help, trying, should, point, one, hospital, felt, features, drug, better, before, suicide, styron?s, something, sleeping, prescribe, patient, out, nardil, make, halcion, experience, day, case

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Marketing - Essay Example The findings of the study will pave way for enhanced research in the field of customer satisfaction. The core concepts of relationship marketing, service quality and customer loyalty will be primarily dealt within this literature analysis. All the above three concepts are very much important in retaining the existing customers and to bring in new customers. A proper attention to these concepts will help in producing long term profitability for the organization. The literature analysis will be based on the impact of these concepts on the current retail sector and its relationship with customer satisfaction. 2.2. The Retail Industry Retailing may be described as the concept of marketing or selling the goods based on the customer choice and needs, on behalf of various organizations that produce such goods. (Gilbert, 1999) It is the concept of effective management of resources based on the needs and aspirations of the customers. (Davies, 1993) The study conducted by Peterson & Balasubram anian (2002) puts forward the strong argument that retailing has evolved and transformed a lot since the beginning of the 21st century. As per their views, the internet revolution is the main reason for such a massive change in retailing and marketing. Internet is the foundation of new age marketing. (Hamel & Sampler, 1998) The other factors that have lead to the transformation of retailing are Globalization, development in technologies and the ever changing customer behavior. Retailing is no more a small story at present. From smaller shops in the primitive years, a present day retail store covers acres of land. Multinational corporations consider retailing as a high growth segment. (Raff & Schmitt, 2009) The authors argue that the main driving force of the retail segment are the increased scope of importing goods from low wage countries and the economies of scale due to large scale importing. The changes in the retail scenario has made evolved and transformed the customers along w ith it. Customers today are more demanding and segmented. The most advanced form of retailing in the present age is internet marketing in which goods are traded through digital interface. It is also called internet marketing or e-marketing by which goods as well as services are rendered online to the customers. (El-Gohary et al., 2008) Chaffey (2010) defines it as â€Å"achieving marketing objectives through applying digital technologies†. Online marketing is advantageous to the customers as well as the traders especially on the price front. However, Gallagher & Gilmore (2004) argues that the benefits of online marketing have not yet been used completely by small businesses. The culture of an organization has a very vital role in determining how well an organization successfully adapts to internet marketing. (El-Gohary et al., 2008; Hofacker, 2001; Luna et al., 2003; Nantes & Glaser, 2008; Yasin & Yavas, 2007; Gong, 2009). The other important factors that determine the succes s of internet marketing are trust (Wang et al., 2009), security (Seounmi & Lee, 2009), customer acceptance and involvement (El-Gohary et al., 2008). Among these, trust plays a major role as online marketing involves the purchase of a product without physically feeling the product. In countries like UK, the online sales are backed by the specialization of major logistics companies like

International Relations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Relations - Assignment Example Study of international relationship also pertains to finding amicable means towards the resolution of the problems faced through diplomatic engagement of the parties (Wilkinson 2007). Realism is based on the mindset of military might, war hysteria and aiming to gain maximum ground against the rivals. The military empowerment and use of force as a means to protecting oneself makes up for the main idea of realism. In practical scenario, the Cold war era depicted the realism in terms of international relationship. In the light of realism, the countries aimed at establishing their influence by providing military and other forms of assistance that was directed towards a less safe world. Liberalism on the other hand does not stress for hardcore usage and empowering oneself with the state of the art military equipment and arsenal, instead it advocates the presence of intergovernmental organizations such as United Nations and other associated entities. The NATO and other economic entities established for purpose of economic corporation make up for liberalism model. Economic prosperity and Mutual Corporation is sought as an alternate to realism. Liberalism aims at finding hope for mutual co existence. A state is characterized by number of factors. These are total of four factors. These factors include presence of territory with fix defined boundary. The second variable of state is that of population. A specific amount of people is a necessary factor for a group of people to be declared a state. The third factor is presence of government within that would be administered over the people and internal affairs. The fourth basic element of a state is it should be able to engage itself in relationship and exchange of views, dialogue with the foreign world. This comes in the form of recognition of the global community. The recognition may be done

Effect of Greek Financial Crisis on the British Economy Essay

Effect of Greek Financial Crisis on the British Economy - Essay Example During the early days of 2010 sovereign debt was a subject of attention for the whole world. Sovereign debt is the total debt owed by a sovereign country like Greece to its creditors. As a result of this crisis, there was a panic in the financial market worldwide and euro suffered a huge decline in its value. Greece was helped by the EU and IMF to provide them with loans that could rescue the situation. This can be a short term solution to the problem but the obligations of long term debt will still persist or may even get worse (Abboushi, â€Å"Abstract†). David Cameron in one of his statements warned that British economy will suffer more due to this euro zone crisis. It remains a threat to the future of euro. There had been a decline in the growth rate of employment, especially in public sector of UK. The investors are losing confidence in the market and the financial market in UK suffered a setback. A deep recession is on the cards if the situation is not handled carefully. More support for the banking sector is needed and the Government should be forced to take some emergency steps to help improve the financial system, before the crisis worsens further. Even though Britain is not a part of euro zone, still budgetary deficit concerns of the country should be addressed immediately. British banks already hold a considerable amount of debt in Greece, which can be an area of major concern. Moreover, with Greece defaulting to pay their debts, the problem can spread over nations like Spain and Italy where UK has a much larger investment. In addition to this, euro zone is one of the biggest trading partners of UK, so obviously this crisis can have an impounding effect on UK’s economy if other big European economies falter (PRLog, â€Å"How the Greek economy can affect us all†). 2. Changes in the NHS led by the UK Government UK government took a bold step towards reforming National Health Services (NHS) in the country. There had been many major changes in NHS structure due to this decision of UK government and it is for the first time in the history of NHS that such radical changes are taking place. Hospitals are no longer under NHS. General Practitioners (GPs) and not the management bodies now have a huge role and responsibility and are in charge of major part of the budget. This move resulted in abolition of all the 10 strategic health authorities as well as 152 primary care trusts which are the management bodies of NHS. Most of the budget of NHS is now in the hands of GPs only and they have the authority to plan out things accordingly. The GPs are now to decide on the spending of NHS. This new re-structuring of NHS gives way to the development of a new board which is independent of any kind of political influence. It is completely an independent body now and has control over its own accountability. Health of public is now the responsibility of local authorities. NHS industry is now more of a top-down design with GPs sit ting at the top level. The patients are now being provided with more information through ‘HealthWatch’, a new type of body specially designed for the purpose. The patients now have the option to choose the GP according to their own wish and get registered with them. Since its inception in the year 1948, NHS has never experienced such drastic changes. Now the question remains as to what benefits these changes will bring to the people and the

The Importance Of Costs In The Pricing Strategy Accounting Essay

The Importance Of Costs In The Pricing Strategy Accounting Essay It is very important for companies to have a good pricing strategy as it than permits them to earn good profit margin on its product or services and at the same time making it appealing to the customers. Pricing strategies are very important part of business and different organisation spend large sum of money and effort to devise effective and efficient pricing strategies. Following are different types of pricing strategies that different business organisations use in order to attract customers and at the same time to earn profit: Competition Pricing; Psychological Pricing; Cost based Pricing; Price Skimming. Absorption costing The formula that is used by different organisations to calculate the price is:   Selling price. = Cost + profit Cost based pricing: One of the strategies is cost based pricing. This strategy involves first the calculation of the fixed cost and the variable cost of the specific product or service that is offered by an organisation. Once the total cost is calculated than the profit margin is added to each unit i.e. it can 5%, 7% or 9%. The cost based pricing strategy is very efficient strategy as it covers all the costs related to product and service and it also covers the desired profit. Although this strategy looks very simple and easy to use and managers only have to do some financial calculations in order to determine the price of the product or service that is being delivered. But the problem with this strategy is that it doesnt consider the external factors such as market or the competition that also have massive impact on pricing. But as this strategy is very old and the organisation only has to process the internal information to calculate the price thats why it is very popular. The organisation can also justify the prices that have been allocated on the basis of their cost and also prove that the price is the sum of the total cost and the profit. Absorption costing principles: Absorption costing is another costing technique that is widely used it involves the allocation of all the costs that have been incurred by the business organisation to each of its product or the service they offer. This strategy enables them to estimate whether the product will make profit in future or not. During the cost allocation process some assumptions are also made as some costs are fixed and some are variable which depend on the level of production. When absorption costing system is used the profit that are reported by the organisation depend on the level of production and the level of sales by the firm, this is due to the fact the fixed manufacturing overhead is absorbed in the value of work in progress goods and also in the finished goods. But if at the end of the accounting period the stock is not sold out than the fixed manufacturing overhead cost is transferred to the next period. Marginal costing principles: Marginal costing is another significant costing strategy. This strategy gives importance to the behavioural characteristics of the costs. The two elements of the cost are first separated i.e. variable cost in which the cost per unit is same and the total cost changes depending on the level of production and the second element is fixed cost in which the total cost is same irrespective of level of production. It is not very easy to separate fixed and variable costs, the organisation simplify the information to do this and sometimes it is not very accurate. But this costing strategy is very helpful for business organisations to perform different activities such as decision making and short term planning. In this costing system the variable cost is subtracted from the sales revenue to calculate the contribution margin of each product i.e. the amount each product has contributed to cover the total fixed cost that business organisation has sustained. And then the fixed cost is subtracted f rom the contribution margin as fixed cost is treated as period cost and then the net profit is found. 1.2 Design a costing system for use within an organization. The world was hit by the recession in 2007. Now it is been more than six years but still many countries are not able to get rid of it and most of the countries are facing the after effects. The economy has been badly affected by the recession. And therefore business organisations are also giving more attention to the financial aspects of the firm. The business organisations are trying to be prepared for such kind of disasters by using various accounting tools that helps them to closely evaluate their performance whether it is financial or management performance. This also helps them to identify various opportunities. According to Datar et.al (2008) business organisations are giving more attention to cost accounting these days in order to make their financial as well as their strategic decisions. The costing system enables the organisation to easily record the expenses that have been incurred or will be incurred in future. But the other financial technique limits the business organisa tions to sales, marketing and human resource management and does not give the accurate cost of the business activities. There are different costing systems some of them are mentioned above but the three costing systems that are gaining more attention are very popular among business organisations are: Activities-Based Costing System Absorption Costing System Direct Costing System TESCO is a multinational grocery store with millions of turn-over every year; they have been using traditional costing system which is used to cover their huge sales. But now as the competition is increasing in the market due to globalisation and various other factors the number of challenged TESCO is facing is also increasing. Therefore the best costing system for TESCO is activity based costing or ABC system. According to Dekker (2003) the fundamental principle of the activity based costing revolves around value chain analysis and integrated cost evaluation and the sales information that is associated with the supply chain of the organisation. TESCO requires the main costing hub rather than small different departments. It has more than 30,000 products and therefore it is very difficult to keep track of all of them. Any business firm offering this much number of products cannot keep track of the cost and they can be in difficult situation due to overhead cost allocation. Activity based costing system has two divers volume based and non-volume based. The most suitable costing system for TESCO is activity based costing as it helps the organisation to get the exact summary of cost of sales. 1.3 Propose improvements to the costing and pricing systems used by an organization The competition-based pricing policy should be used by TESCO. This strategy helps the firm to finalize the price of the product after analysing the prices set by the other companies that are currently competing in the market. Therefore TESCO should first identify its present competitors that are giving it a cut throat competition. Than after calculating the costs of its products TESCO sets the price of each product. The prices are set either higher, lower or exactly the same prices that are offered by competitors. This decision is actually based on how the competitor will respond to the set price. If there are few competitors in the market than the response of the competitor is very important part of this pricing strategy. Because if this is the case than, when one competitor lowers the price the other competitor will also lower theirs in order to be more competitive. By using this this pricing policy the companies can relatively quickly set their prices and as this strategy does not require accurate market data therefore it requires very little effort to carry it out. Competitive pricing also makes distributors more receptive to a companys products because they are priced within the range the distributor already handles. Furthermore, this pricing policy enables companies to select from a variety of different pricing strategies to achieve their strategic goals. In other words, companies can choose to mark their prices above, below, or on par with their competitors prices and thereby influence customer perceptions of their products. 2.1. Apply forecasting techniques to make cost and revenue decisions in an organization Assumptions for Forecasted Income Statement: The revenues have increased by 5%. The cost of goods sold has increased by 2% The selling, general and admin expenses has been managed to bring down by 3% No further borrowing took place therefore interest expense is same Interest income, income on equity investment and non-operating income has increased by 1%. All the unusual items will be same. Income tax will be 25%. Minority interest in earning and earning from discounted operations will be same. NOTE: All the figures are rounded off to one decimal place. Currency (Millions of British Pounds) As of: Feb 25 2012 GBP % Change Feb 25 2013 GBP Revenue 64,539.0 5% 67,766.0 TOTAL REVENUE 64,539.0 67,766.0 Cost Of Goods Sold (cogs) 59,278.0 2% 60,464.0 GROSS PROFIT 5,261.0 7,302.0 Selling General Admin Expenses, Total (1,634.0) (3%) (1,585.0) Total OPERATING EXPENSES (1,634.0) (1,585.0) OPERATING INCOME 3,627.0 5717.0 Interest Expense (417.0) Same (417.0) Interest Income And Investment Income 114.0 1% 115.0 NET INTEREST EXPENSE (303.0) (302.0) Income On Equity Investments 91.0 1% 92.0 Other Non-Operating Income (Expenses) 44.0 1% 44.0 EBT 3,459.0 5,551.0 Impairment Of Goodwill Same Gain On Sale Of Assets 376.0 Same 376.0 Other Unusual Items Same EBT, INCLUDING UNUSUAL ITEMS 3,835.0 5927.0 Income Tax Expense 879.0 (25%) 1482.0 Minority Interest In Earnings (8.0) Same (8.0) Earnings From Continuing Operations 2,956.0 4,445.0 EARNINGS FROM DISCOUNTINUED OPERATIONS (142.0) Same (142.0) NET INCOME 2,806.0 4,295.0 NET INCOME TO COMMON INCLUDING EXTRA ITEMS 2,806.0 4,295.0 NET INCOME TO COMMON EXCLUDING EXTRA ITEMS 2,948.0 4,437.0 Assumptions for Forecasted balance Sheet: All assets will increase by 3% except the current assets. Current assets will increase by 5%. All current liabilities will increase by 4%. All long term liabilities will increase by 3.95%. Equity will increase by 5%. Currency in Millions of British Pounds As of: Feb 25 2012 GBP % Change Feb 25 2013 GBP Assets http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif Cash And Equivalents 2,305.0 5%http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif 2420.25 Short-Term Investments 1,243.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 1305.15 TOTAL CASH AND SHORT TERM INVESTMENTS 3,548.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 3725.4 Accounts Receivable 2,502.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 2627.1 Notes Receivable http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif Other Receivables 2,244.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 2356.2 TOTAL RECEIVABLES 4,746.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 4983.3 Inventory 3,598.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 3777.9 Prepaid Expenses 420.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 441 Other Current Assets 551.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 578.55 TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS 12,863.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 13506.15 Gross Property Plant And Equipment 34,772.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3% 35815.16 Accumulated Depreciation -9,062.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3% -9333.86 NET PROPERTY PLANT AND EQUIPMENT 25,710.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3% 26481.3 Goodwill 3,449.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3% 3552.47 Long-Term Investments 1,949.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3% 2007.47 Accounts Receivable, Long Term 1,901.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3% 1958.03 Loans Receivable, Long Term http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3% Deferred Tax Assets, Long Term 23.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3% 23.69 Deferred Charges, Long Term 677.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3% 697.31 Other Intangibles 492.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3% 506.76 Other Long-Term Assets 3,717.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3% 3828.51 TOTAL ASSETS 50,781.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif 52304.43 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif LIABILITIES EQUITY http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif Accounts Payable 5,971.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4% 6209.84 Accrued Expenses 2,612.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4% 2716.48 Short-Term Borrowings 415.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4% 431.6 Current Portion Of Long-Term Debt/Capital Lease 1,423.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4% 1479.92 Current Portion Of Capital Lease Obligations 32.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4% 33.28 Current Income Taxes Payable 416.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4% 432.64 Other Current Liabilities, Total 8,412.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4% 8748.48 TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES 19,249.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4% 20018.96 Long-Term Debt 9,777.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3.95% 10163.19 Capital Leases 134.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3.95% 139.293 Minority Interest 26.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3.95% 27.027 Pension Other Post-Retirement Benefits 1,872.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3.95% 1945.944 Deferred Tax Liability Non-Current 1,160.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3.95% 1205.82 Other Non-Current Liabilities 788.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3.95% 819.126 TOTAL LIABILITIES 32,980.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3.95% 34319.36 Common Stock 402.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 422.1 Additional Paid In Capital 4,964.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 5212.2 Retained Earnings 12,164.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 12772.2 Treasury Stock -18.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% -18.9 Comprehensive Income And Other 263.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 276.15 TOTAL COMMON EQUITY 17,775.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5% 18663.75 TOTAL EQUITY 17,801.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif 18,701.00 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY 50,781.0 http://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp://investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif 52304.43 2.2 Assess the sources of funds available to an organization for a specific project: There are two sources of capital: Equity financing Retained earnings Public stock sale Partners Venture capital companies Corporations Debt financing: Asset based financing Vendor financing Commercial banks But all of the above sources are not suitable for Tesco. It already has floated its stocks in the market therefore only following few sources of funds available to Tesco: Retained earnings The retained earning directly affects the amount of dividend paid to the shareholders. Company can either use its profits as retained earnings or reinvest them or they can give it away as dividend. There are different reasons because of which it is better to use retained earnings to finance the new project instead of giving it as dividend such as company does not have to borrow it and then pay interest on the loan which will incur extra cost. The dividend policy is devised by the directors and they prefer to use retained earnings as an attractive source of fund. Bank lending: Banks are also another important source of funds these days. They lend money to business organisation and charge interest rate on it. The banks lend short term loans in terms of overdraft and short term loans. An overdraft is given by bank which company has to pay back within the set limits. The interest is charged but at a variable rate. Whereas the short term loan is the loan extended by bank for the period of up to three years. Medium loans are another type of loans that are given by banks for the time period of more than three years. The type of loan extended by the bank depends on the credit history of the company. Leasing: There are two types of parties in a lease agreement i.e. lessee and lessor. Lessor is the person who is the owner of the asset and lessee is the person who is willing to use that asset with the payment of certain amount of money. The agreement is signed between two parties after which lessee is allowed to use the asset but he has to make certain amount of payments for certain period of time. We can say that lease is another type of rental. There are different types of assets that can be leased out such as building, house, land furniture, equipment and vehicles etc. There are two different types of lease; operating lease and finance lease. Operating lease is the lease of the equipment for the specified period of time and the lessor has the responsibility of the maintenance of that equipment. The lease period is fairly short. Whereas in finance lease the agreement of lease is relatively long in most cases it is the expected life of the asset that is to be leased. Franchising: This is another attractive source of financing the new business venture for many business organisations. This method requires less financing for business organisation to expand. Two parties are involved in franchising agreement that is franchisor and franchisee. The franchisor gives a right to franchisee to operate its business using the franchisors name but in return franchisee has to pay certain amount of money. The franchisee has to pay an upfront fee to franchisor that covers the business set up cost and then monthly or yearly payments are made that is certain percentage of the franchisee profit. 3.1 select appropriate budgetary targets for an organization The budgeting is very important and essential part of any organisation as it is similar to financial plan that shows the allocation of the financial funds that are available to an organisation to different expenditures. The main drivers of the budget of any organisation are the mission, vision and objectives of that specific organisation. The budget of the business organisation includes different variables Revenues Expenses sales output operating cost fixed cost profits cash flow capital investment The budget of the organisation of the coming year is based on certain key assumptions that are made about the most likely business conditions of the organisation. This help to produce a detailed budget of the organisation which includes monthly sales level, the overall production and also the different expenditures. Business organisations should have flexible budget so that they can easily mould with changing external conditions. For example the actual sales can be higher than the expected value so it is important to change the budget and to increase the costs related to it such as overhead cost, variable cost, labour cost etc. 3.2 participate in the creation of a master budget for an organization Sales (in billions): 1st Quarter  £33,000 2nd Quarter  £30,000 3rd Quarter  £32,000 4th Quarter  £36,000 Costs (in billions): 1st Quarter  £29,000 2nd Quarter  £29,800 3rd Quarter  £29,970 4th Quarter  £31,250 Selling Expenses (in billions): Variable cost: 3% of Sales Fixed cost: (divided in fo

If you dont know where you are, you are no where :: Response Essays

Topic: A former president of the National Geographic Society once said, "If you don't know where you are, you are no where." Do you agree or disagree? I agree because I find that this quote is true. People who live day by day doing nothing, whether if it's hanging outside with friends in the street during school hours or late hours of the night, or attending school just for attendance, but sitting in class wasting time, going to work and not even doing a good job or the full work it requires are examples of people who are in comfort zones, a place where you are stuck in denial. I'll explain it for better understanding of what I mean. What if you're someone who doesn't feel much peer pressure and, in fact, doesn't feel much pressure to do anything at all? It can be just as bad, however, to go far in the other direction and become a total slug. You see, we also live in denial when we fail to admit to ourselves that we are not living up to our potential and are not creating something significant for our lives, so it is a bit similar when saying that if you don't know know where you are, you are no where because if you can't see what you are doing, you won't succeed. What I mean is that you stop reaching for a higher level of achievement and accomplishment and pretend that your life is okay. You get up, brush your happy hair, throw on some clothes, drag yourself out of your house, and go through the motions of your day. You think you're comfortable, but you're not as happy as you could be. You're in what I call a "comfort zone" and you pretend that it's okay, so you accomlish nothing to take you to higher goals, to make you go somewhere in life, and you end up going no where, and when you look back at everything you've been doing for so long, you don't feel so good about it as the way you thought you would because you have nothing to show for it, especially if you really don't know where you are going in life because life only rewards action and those who know what they want and have goals to achieve are going to get somewhere. Another point I would like to make about this

Problem of Young Generation Essay

Although some generational differences have existed throughout history, modern generational gaps have often been attributed to rapid cultural change in the postmodern period  ·Culture is not merely an accumulation of works and knowledge which an à ©lite produces, collates and conserves in order to place it within reach of all, or that a people rich in its  ·past and its heritage offers to others as a model which their  ·own history has failed to provide for them †¦ Culture is not  ·limited to access to works of art and the humanities ; it is at  ·one and the same time the acquisition of knowledge, the  Ã‚ ·Culture is the name for what people are interested in, their thoughts, their models, the books they read and the speeches they hear, their table-talk, gossip, controversies, historical sense and scientific training, the values they appreciate, the quality of life they admire. All communities have a culture. It is the climate of their civilization.  ·Today, teenagers spend more time in front of media than they do sleeping. Between Internet, facebook, cell phones, television and music, the teens are almost always plugged into the media. Media has significant influence over the formation of youth culture. The media culture is dangerous because it provides adults with a way to communicate to youth without permission slips or chaperones. The media culture is not interested in raising young people in virtue and character. Rather, the media exploits youth in order to make money at the expense of their moral character. To see an excellent documentary on how the media exploits youth culture, see the PBS Frontline documentary, Merchant’s of Cool.